Utilization of Microalgae for Biofuels Production

As we know, modern society relies heavily on fossil fuels. 80-90% of all energy consumed in the world is from fossil fuels. Fossil fuels include oil, natural gas and coal. They originated from plants and animals that lived on the earth millions of years ago. The resources of fossil fuels are limited and non-renewable.

The first slide shows the history and the future prediction of worldly oil production. It is generally believed that worldly oil production will peak in less than 10 years. As you can see from the figure, USA and Russia passed their oil production peaks decades ago, in 1970s and 1990s respectively.

After world oil production peaks and declines, the world will face a severe situation. The situation is that the world simply cannot produce enough fossil oil to meet the demand from transportation.

This oil gap for transportation has to be filled. Biofuels are one of the candidates to fill this oil gap. Biofuels are derived from biomass. And biomass used for producing biofuels can be grains, hay, weeds, woods and others.

The first generation biofuels derived from crops. For example, in USA, corns are used for producing ethanol; in Brazil sugarcane are used for producing ethanol; and soybeans are widely used for producing biodiesel. But corn, sugarcane and soybean are crops. The main problem facing crop-derived biofuels is conflict between food production and biofuels production. Other problems concerning crop-based biofuels production include deforestation, high production cost and limited potential. Take the limited potential for example: Even if all the corn currently produced in the USA were used for producing ethanol, it could only replace about 15% of oil currently consumed in the USA.

Microalgae are single-celled lower plants that make seas, lakes and rivers green. When you walk around a natural pond in the spring and summer, you can find the surface of water is covered by green stuff. That are microalgae. Microalgae are "plants" because they can grow by using sunlight, CO2 and water.

There are several advantages of using micro-algae for biofuels production over crops.

First, microalgae grow much faster than land plants. It can grow 7 to 30 times faster than the next best crop. Under the optimum conditions, microalgae can double its biomass in several hours.

Second, cultivation of microalgae doesn’t compete for farmland. Algae can be grown on land that is not suitable for crops, for instance, arid land, land with excessively saline soil, and drought-stricken land. Moreover, 70.8% of the earth’s surface is cover by water. Microalgae can be cultivated in open ponds, and even in the sea.

Third, algae-based biofuels are CO2 neutral, which does not deteriorate Global Warming effect. Algae absorbs CO2 from atmospheres when it grows and the CO2 is released back into atmospheres when the biofuels is used.

Fourth, microalgae can be harvested daily or any time needed, not like crops that are limited by their long growth cycle.

The main challenges facing algae-based biofuels are lack of cost-effective technologies to cultivate, harvest microalgae and to process microalgae into biofuels. But this is not strange. Human Beings have been planting crops, such as corn, sugarcane and soybean, for at least five thousand years, but cultivating and processing microalgae for biofuels is still in experimental stage. There is a lot of space to develop an improve algal cultivation, harvesting and processing technologies.

Utilizing microalgae for biofuels production will bring many benefits to the society and the country, such as breaking the USA’s dependence on foreign oil, creating a new source of green energy and adding job opportunities.

Microalgae are one of the most promising sources for biofuels production. But to make it reality, renovation of technology in this area is needed. And to renovate the technology, more money and more human resources should be invested.

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The above is one of 8 - 10 min speeches I delivered in my Toastmasters club. The speech is based on AC#2: The Proposal.

Helping Seedlings Grow by Pulling Them Upwards

"Helping seedlings grow by pulling them upwards” is an English Translation of a Chinese idiom “Ba Miao Zhu Zhang”. The idiom originated from a story and the story goes like this:

In ancient China, there was a farmer who grew rice. He hoped the rice seedlings would grow fast and was expecting a good harvest. So he went to the field to watch the rice seedlings every day. It seemed to him the seedlings were growing very slowly. He became anxious about the seedlings and said to himself: “I should do something to help the seedlings grow faster.”

He thought and thought and then had a great idea. "Why don’t I pull the seedlings upwards a little bit and that would help them grow faster.” After thinking of this, he went down to the field and pulled every seedling upward a little bit. After doing that, the seedlings did look taller.

Looking at the taller seedlings, he was happy though exhausted from the hard work. On his way back home, he couldn’t help thinking how smart and hardworking he was. He even couldn’t understand why people hadn’t discovered this method before.

However, several days later when he went back to field, he found all the seedlings had dried up and died.

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The basic meaning of “Helping seedlings grow by pulling them upwards” is spoiling things by excessive enthusiasm. It describes behaviors of people who are too eager to get things done only to make the things worse. I know I made such mistakes. Can you find examples of “Helping seedlings grow by pulling them upwards" in history and real life, for example, in some parents who want to help their children, in some religious groups that want to influence their followers, or in some governments that want to control their people?

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The above is a 4-6 minute speech I delivered in my Toastmasters club. The speech is based on a project titled "The Moral of a Story".

The Sun and the Solar Energy

If you are interested in mythologies of sun god or goddess, you will be able to find numerous versions in different cultures including Chinese, Korean, Japanese, Egyptian, Greek, Indian and many others.

The first slide shows the Indian sun god and Greek sun god. I personally like the story of Greek sun god, Apollo, very much. I think the story of Apollo is comparable to the best of William Shakespeare’s plays.

However everyone here knows that the sun is the only star in our solar system. Comparison between the sun, the earth and other planets in size is shown in the second slide. The sun is much larger than the earth and other planets. Actually the volume of the sun is over one million times larger than that of the earth.

The sun is an enormous ball of burning gases. The main elements of the sun are hydrogen and helium. Since there is no oxygen on the sun, the energy of the sun does not come from general sense of burning hydrogen, but from hydrogen nuclear fusion, a process similar to that happening in a hydrogen bomb when it explodes.

The sun produces enormous light per second and it has been doing that for billions of years. Up to now, the largest power plant in the world is the Chinese Three Gorge power plant, which can produce 18,000 Megawatts (one million) of power per year. However, the sun puts out the same amount of energy in the form of light per second as a billion of the largest power plant in the world would put out in a year. This number is enormous, even difficult to imagine.

The sun light absorbed by the earth atmosphere, oceans and land is called solar energy. The solar energy the earth receives per hour is equivalent to all the energy humans currently consume in a year.

About 0.1% of the solar energy has been captured by photosynthesis, transferring the light energy into chemical energy. Plants make their own food by Photosynthesis, and animals and humans have to eat plants or other animals to obtain their energy. So the energy to sustain almost all the life on the earth comes from the Sun.

Here lists the energy sources originally from the sun. Currently, 86% of energy we are using are form fossil fuels: coal, oil and natural gas. Fossil fuels were solar energy fixed by plants millions of years ago; and bioenergy, hydropower, solar power, wave power, wind power are all originally from solar energy. The only exceptions are nuclear power, tidal energy, and Geothermal energy.

Without the sun, life on the earth simply wouldn’t exist. We are so blessed that the sun provides us with free and clean energy. How can we be grateful enough for the Sun? The only thing we can do is to make good use of the solar energy.

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The above is one of 5-7 min speeches I delivered in my Toastmasters Club.

Liang and Zhu, Chinese Romeo and Juliet

It is said about one thousand and six hundred years ago, in east of China, there was a beautiful and intelligent girl. Her name was Zhu. At that time, females couldn’t go to school but Zhu was eager to study.

She managed to convince her family to allow her to go to school in disguise as a man.

On her journey to school, Zhu met Liang, a young man who was going to the same school as her. They became friends at first meeting. In the next three years, they studied together and behaved like "brothers". Gradually, Zhu fell in love with Liang.

One day, Zhu received a letter from her family, asking her to return home. Zhu had no choice but leave school and Liang. However, in her heart, she was deeply in love with Liang and was determined to be with him forever.

So she went to her teacher’s wife for help. The teacher’s wife actually recognized her to be a girl long time ago, and promised to help her.

On the way Liang saw Zhu off. Zhu hinted to Liang that she was a girl, but Liang was somehow a bookworm and didn’t understand Zhu’s hint. Finally Zhu came up with an idea and told Liang that she had a beautiful sister and would like to introduce her sister to be Liang’s wife. Liang was very happy and looked forward to meeting Zhu’s sister.

However, when Zhu went home, her family had already arranged a marriage for her. The man Zhu was arranged to marry was from a very rich and powerful family.

Zhu confessed her love with Liang to her parents and resisted to the arranged marriage. She even vowed that she would kill herself rather than marry another man. But his father didn’t agree to the possible marriage between Liang and Zhu, and threatened that if she didn’t agree to the arranged marriage, Liang’s life would be at risk if the powerful family got angry with her breaking the arranged marriage. Since Zhu loved Liang and didn’t want Liang to be hurt, she finally decided to submit herself to the arranged marriage.

At school, with the reminding of the teacher’s wife, Liang finally realized that Zhu was a girl and the sister Zhu wanted to introduce to him was actually Zhu herself. After knowing this, Liang was very happy and couldn’t wait any more to see Zhu again.

However, when Liang arrived at Zhu’s home, he was heartbroken to learn that Zhu had to marry another man. There was no way for them to break the feudal customs or rules set at that time.

Since then, Liang got sick and died later.

On the day Zhu was sent for wedding, a mysterious wind brought the team passing by Liang’s grave. When Zhu saw Liang's grave, she cried in bitter despair and begged for the grave to open up.

Suddenly, the grave opened with a strike of thunder. Without any hesitation, Zhu threw herself into the grave and united with Liang.

Their spirits turned into a pair of beautiful butterflies. They flied together and never separated again.

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The above is a 6 - 8 min speech I delivered in my Toastmasters club (AC#4 Tell a story)

Think Positively

"Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" is one of the most influential sentences in English language. Life is precious to everyone. And liberty is even more precious. But under usual circumstances, most of people don't feel their life and their liberty are threatened. What they concern most is the pursuit of happiness.

To obtain happiness, we should know what makes difference to our happiness. There is an Internet survey on what factor is the key to happiness. Nine million people globally participated in that survey. Can you guess what most of people think is the key to happiness?

Money? No. Achievements or Love? No. According to that survey, 59% of people think mental attitude is the key to happiness and only 5% of people think money is the key to happiness.

What is mental attitude? There are several definitions. But basically, mental attitude is our view of the world, of the people around us, and of our situation. Simply put, mental attitude is what we think.

There are hundreds of studies that prove the importance of what we think. There was a psychological test. In that test, a psychologist asked three men to submit themselves to test the effect of mental suggestion on their strength, which was measured by gripping a dynamometer.

When he tested them under normal waking conditions, their average grip was 101 pounds.

However, when he tested them after he had hypnotized them and told them that they were very weak, they could grip only 29 pounds – less than a third of their normal strength.

When these men were tested a third time, telling them under hypnosis that they were very strong, they were about to grip an average of 142 pounds.

When their minds were filled with positive thoughts of strength, they increased their actual physical powers almost fifty per cent.

Such is the incredible power of our mental attitude.

How to think positively? Here are some tips:

1. Look for the good in every situation. It is certain that we can learn and benefit from every situation. If a person is willing to look for good in a situation, he will almost always find it.

2. Be thankful for what you have. Everyone possesses something that is truly worth being thankful for, for example, health, peace, food, fresh air, free time etc. You can be thankful only because you can hear or see if you think of Helen Keller, a famous deaf blind American author.

3. Say positive things about yourself and about other people. Always use positive words, such as, "I can", "I am able", "it is possible", "it can be done", "I like the job" etc.

4. Surround yourself with positive people. Associate yourself with people who think positively. This is also one of the reasons that I come to this Toastmasters club.

5. Engage in some physical activities. Physical exercise helps to develop a positive attitude.

You can find other tips on Internet to help you build up a habit of thinking positively.

Our mental attitude is the vital factor that determines our fate. We are what we think about all day long.

To be happy, healthy and successful, we should think positively.

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The above is one of 8-10 min speeches I delivered in my Toastmasters club (CC#10).

The Seven Impacts of the Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill

On April 20th, 2010, an explosion happened at an offshore oil rig. The explosion caused the death of eleven people and massive oil leaking. That was the well known the Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill or BP Deep Water Oil Spill.

The source of the oil spill was located in Gulf of Mexico, about 40 miles off the Louisiana coast. From April 20 to July 15, millions of gallons of crude oil had been leaked into ocean. It seems to me that oil leaking touched every American’s nerve.

This slide shows a satellite view of oil spill. As you can see, oil spill spread and covered a large area. On May 1st, that was 10 days after the explosion, the size of the slick was estimated to cover more than 3000 square miles, which is about half size of New Jersey. Just imagine what situation would be if half land of New Jersey were covered by oil. And that was May 1st figure.

Here is a closer look of the slick.

This oil leaking happened at a deep water oil rig. What is Deep water Oil Rig? Deep water Oil Rig is platform used for drilling oil from deep ocean bed.

The explosion caused the subsea oil well blowout. The massive amount of crude oil had been leaked into ocean. What is crude oil? The crude oil is a mixture of a large number of different hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are chemicals that are mainly consisted of carbon and hydrogen. Small parts of crude oil are heavier than water or dissolve in water; but most parts of crude oil are lighter than water and float on the surface of water.

What are the consequences of this Oil Spill?

The first and the most obvious consequence is the loss of oil and natural gas. It is not correct to think the oil spilled belongs to BP. The natural resources like oil and natural gas actually belong to all human beings. No one should have the privilege to squander or waste them. It is estimated that about 200 million gallons of crude oil was leaked. And a large amount of natural gas evaporated too. But loss of oil was only a very small part of the negative impact of this oil spill.

The second negative impact of oil spill is the damage to wild life. Crude oil is toxic to many species including fish, shrimps, craps, sea birds, turtle, whales, dolphin and marine plants such as algae. It is hard or impossible to estimate how much it worth the damage done to wildlife.

Impact three is the damage to environment. Here shows the oil spread into Mouth of Mississippi River. It will take months or years to clean up the visible pollution of oil on Wet land, River, Coasts and reefs.

Impact four is the damage to fishing industry. Fish, shrimp and craps that ingest crude oil are not only toxic to themselves but toxic to people who eat them. That is why fishing is banned in the area influenced by oil spill. Ban of fishing causes lose of job for many fishermen and increase of price of see food.

Impact five is the damage to tourism. Coasts are leading place for tourism. But no one likes to go to coasts where water and beaches are contaminated by oil. It is reported that Florida tourism industry has lost millions of dollars as a result of the Gulf of Mexico oil spill, even though no confirmed oil contamination happens there.

Impact six is the potential damage to “special” relationship between US and UK. It is understandable or natural that American People felt frustration and anger about the oil spill. And the criticism of BP and making BP pay for the damage it has caused should not be considered to be attack on Britain. But BP is important to the UK economy. And BP’s interest is connected with British interest.

And impact seven is a positive impact. This oil spill can sever as a painful reminder and powerful impetus for accelerating developing renewable energy and popularizing electricity cars. After all, oil is a finite resource. And the US consume more than 20 percent of the world's oil, but have less than 2 percent of the world's oil reserves. American’s addiction to foreign oil has to be dealt with.

Without any doubt, the Gulf of Mexico oil spill has made history. It was a catastrophe. But isn’t it a powerful reminder for American government and American people that now is the time to embrace a clean energy future?

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The above is one of 10-12 min speeches I delivered in my Toastmasters club.